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"Iboga detox clinics have sprung up in Canada, Mexico and Europe, although the plant remains banned in the United States. Leaving the iboga, we come to a shady corner of the garden where another outlawed plant languishes in obscurity. "This is what you came to see," says Benjamin, pointing at a shrub gently sipping bubbly from a nearby stream. The miracle fruit—called the sweeter in Pidgin, assarbah by the Fante and Synsepalum dulcificum by scientists—is the reason I traveled to Africa." - Adam Leith Gollne, The Fruit Hunters: A Story of Nature, Adventure, Commerce and Obsession (Get the book.)

"Those claims are now being reevaluated for several reasons: recent direct radiocarbon dating of crop remains themselves has in some cases been yielding younger dates; the older dates previously reported were based instead on charcoal thought to be contemporaneous with the plant remains, but possibly not so; and the status of some of the older plant remains as crops or just as collected wild plants is uncertain. Still, even if plant domestication did begin earlier in the Americas than the dates shown in Table 18.1, agricul- Table 18." - Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (Get the book.)

"The plants and plant remains are used as animal feed. Under favourable conditions, yields of about 4 tons per hectare can be expected. Uses & properties The grain is usually boiled in the same way as rice and is added to soups and stews. It may also be milled to produce flour for bread baking or can be fermented to produce beer and wine. Dehusked grains are sold as a health food in the USA. Nutritional value Adlay flour contains more than 50% starch, 14% protein and 6% fat. Fresh seeds have an energy value of 389 kcal per 100 g." - Ben-Erik van Wyk, Food Plants of the World: An illustrated guide (Get the book.)

"In their second millennium on their island, Tikopians began adapting their agricultural strategy. plant remains found in the island's sediments record the introduction of tree crops. A decline in the abundance of microscopic charcoal records the end of agricultural burning. Over many generations, Tikopians turned rheir world into a giant garden with an overstory of coconut and breadfruit trees and an understory of yams and giant swamp taro. Around the end of the sixteenth century, the island's chiefs banished pigs from their world because they damaged the all-important gardens." - David R. Montgomery, Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations (Get the book.) "Pollen sequences recovered from different depths in valley bottom sediments show little to no change in the vegetation community at Chaco Canyon for thousands of years—until the Pueblo people arrived. plant remains preserved in crystallized packrat urine built up on the floor of caves show that the native vegetation was pinyon-juniper woodland, and that the local vegetation changed dtamatically during Pueblo occupation. The inhabitants of Chaco Canyon used thousands of ponderosa pines to construct buildings between ad 1000 and 1200. Countless more trees were burned as fuel." - David R. Montgomery, Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations (Get the book.) "The earliest plant remains associated with settlement of the site include more than one hundred species of seeds and fruits from the marshes and forest of the Euphrates Valley. Abundant animal bones reveal substantial reliance on hunting, especially gazelles. Moreover, the site was occupied year-round. The people of Abu Hureyra were not nomadic hunter-gatherers. They permanently inhabited a defined territory around their village." - David R. Montgomery, Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations (Get the book.)

"The archaeologists Gordon Hillman, Susan Colledge, and David Harris retrieved large quantities of charred plant remains from the site, probably representing discarded garbage of wild plants gathered elsewhere and brought to the site by its residents. The scientists analyzed over 700 samples, each containing an average of over 500 identifiable seeds belonging to over 70 plant species. It turned out that the villagers were collecting a prodigious variety (157 species!) of plants identified by their charred seeds, not to mention other plants that cannot now be identified." - Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (Get the book.)

"Plant remains from a Peruvian mummy bundle. Botanical Museum Leaflets 15 (9): 223-46. Sclerocarya caffra Sond. (Anacardiaceae)—marula This tree, a relative of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), can grow as tall as 18 meters. It supposedly is or was consumed in South Africa for its inebriating properties (Lewin 1980 [orig. pub. 1929], 297*). It is possible that marula was the kanna plant or one of the plants known as kanna (Schultes and Farnsworth 1982, 174*). The closely related species Sclerocarya schweinfurthiana Schinz." - Christian Ratsch, The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications (Get the book.) "Hyoscyamus muticus Linnaeus Egyptian Henbane "Among the plant remains discovered in the animal necropolis at Saqqara, which unfortunately could not be dated, were also parts of H. [Hyoscyamus) muticus. It can be assumed that this poisonous plant as well was already part of the flora of ancient Egypt. Unfortunately, the medicinal texts from Pharaonic times do not contain any plant names that can be definitely construed as inebriants. Egyptian henbane was first mentioned as a medicinal plant in a papyrus written in Greek from the 1st century c.e. ..." - Christian Ratsch, The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications (Get the book.) "Plant remains from the Graveney boat and the early history of Humulus lupulus L. in Western Europe. New Phytologist 75:627-48. Wohlfart, Rainer. 1993. Humulus. In Hagers Handbuch derpharmazeutischen Praxis, 5th ed., 5:447-58. Berlin: Springer. Zuurbier, K. W. M., S. Y. Fung, J. J. C. Scheffer, and R. Verpoorte. 1993. Possible involvement of chalcone synthase in the biosynthesis of bitter acids in Humulus lupulus. Planta Medica 59 suppl.: A588. The Tapanese hops {Humulus japonicus) is not suited for use as a beer additive, although it may have psychoactive properties." - Christian Ratsch, The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications (Get the book.) "Archaeological plant remains from the central coast of Peru. Nawpa Pacha 16:23-50. Dietschy, Hans. 1938. Die Heilkunst im Alten Peru. Ciba Zeitschrift 58:1990-2017. Ereira, Alan. 1993. Die grofien Bruder: Weisheiten eines urtumlichen Indio-Volkes. Reinbek, Germany: Rowohlt. Griffiths, C. O. 1930. Examination of coca leaves found in a pre-Incan grave. Quarterly Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 3:52-58. Hamburgisches Museum fur Volkerkunde. Tairona-Goldschmiede der Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Kolumbien. 1986. (An exhibition catalogue) Harms, H. 1922." - Christian Ratsch, The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications (Get the book.)

"The total synthesis of the molecule is not economically feasible and thus the plant remains the only source. However, the contents in artemisinin have been found to vary substantially in different accessions of A. annua.31 Micropropagation can be used for storage of valuable genotypes and production of plants for breeding purposes.32 In vitro derived clones established in Switzerland have recently been included in a breeding program." - Amarjit S. Basra, Handbook of Medicinal Plants (Get the book.)

"The majority of the plant remains underground. Colors range across the palette, from the glowing yellow of the chanterelle to the shrouded black horn-of-plenty (called trompettes-des-mortes, or "death's trumpets," by the French) and everything in between: violet, purple, pastels, and even bright enamel. These wonders of natural design often have stunning appearances, from the vaulted, arched ribs of the chanterelle to the honeycombed morel and the ostrich-egg-sized giant puffhall. Buying Tips Choose young, fresh, firm specimens with no bruising or discoloration." - Dianne Onstad, Whole Foods Companion: A Guide For Adventurous Cooks, Curious Shoppers, and lovers of natural foods (Get the book.)

"CURRENT PRACTICAL USES While at least one scientific research group attempts to synthesize one or more of simarouba's potent quassinoids for pharmaceutical use, the plant remains an important natural remedy in the herbal pharmacopoeias of many tropical countries, and in the rainforest shaman's arsenal of potent plant remedies. Natural health practitioners outside of South America are just beginning to learn about the properties and actions of this important rainforest medicinal plant and how to use it in their own natural health practices." - Leslie Taylor, ND, The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs: A Guide to Understanding and Using Herbal Medicinals (Get the book.)

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