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"A central Greenland ice core has shown that similar fluctuations extend back at least seven hundred years. At its extremes, the NAO produces memorable weather. The turbulent 1880s brought extremely cold winters to Victorian England at a time of considerable social unrest. Hundreds died of cold in London's teeming slums. Between about 1900 and 1930, the Icelandic low was deeper, so strong westerlies kept temperatures mild over Europe, except from 1916 to 1919 when millions died in the climactic Western Front battles of World War I. My father served in the British infantry on the Somme." - Brian Fagan, Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Nino and the Fate of Civilizations (Get the book.) "The average year-round temperature at Quelccaya is minus three degrees Celsius-so far below freezing that the annual variations in the ice core accumulation reflect actual precipitation rather than variations in the intensity of summer melting. The research team believes this was the case for all of the fifteen hundred years of the cores, and that the annual rings give a chronology that is accurate to within about twenty years. What the researchers call the "accumulation record" shows clear indications of long-term rainfall variations. A short drought occurred between A.D. 534 and 540." - Brian Fagan, Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Nino and the Fate of Civilizations (Get the book.) "The ice core data is still being refined, but the best drought records come from the lower portions of the ice accumulation record, where the late-sixth-century drought cycle qualifies as exceptionally severe. The thirty-year drought of A.D. 563 to 594 drastically reduced the amount of runoff reaching coastal communities. We can gain some idea of the severity of the effects from modern water consumption figures. Over the forty-nine years from 1937 to 1985, local coastal farmers used an average of 88 percent of the runoff in the Lam-bayeque River." - Brian Fagan, Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Nino and the Fate of Civilizations (Get the book.) "The ash content of a central Greenland ice core shows that the years of the Medieval Warm Period between 1100 to 1250 were quiet vol-canically. Between 1250 and 1500 and between 1550 and 1700, however, there were many eruptions, including a massive one in 1600 at an unknown location. Many scientists are sure that volcanic activity produced brief climatic extremes during the five cold centuries. They know the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 lowered the world's average temperature by about one degree for two years." - Brian Fagan, Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Nino and the Fate of Civilizations (Get the book.)

"If the Everett interpretation is to be believed, what we can glean from memory is limited to the contents of a slim 'ice core' extracted from the sprawling 'ice sheet' of our existence within space-time-actuality as a whole. Our alter egos, of course, will be in the same predicament, but the contents of their 'ice cores' will in general differ both from ours and amongst each other's. Does this 'tunnel vision' imply, then, the impossibility of our ever becoming acquainted with other regions of actuality that occupy the same region of space-time that we currently inhabit?" - Michael Lockwood, The Labyrinth of Time: Introducing the Universe (Get the book.)

"The project involves drilling a five-inch core sample 10,000 feet down through the glacier to the bedrock below. The ice core consists of the accumulated and compressed yearly snowfalls going back more than 100,000 years in discernable layers. The layers record all kinds of evidence about what was happening on the planet in a given year. Ash from the massive explosion of the volcano Krakatoa in 1883 can be found by counting back 122 layers. Various kinds of dust and pollen tell us if drought was occurring or certain plants were flourishing." - James Howard Kunstler, The Long Emergency: Surviving the End of Oil, Climate Change, and Other Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-First Century (Get the book.) "The Greenland ice core samples tell us that the Holocene period has had alternating periods of cooling and warmth within a relatively stable range. The Holocene, at onset, stumbled at first. The retreat from the last ice age was interrupted by a brief but pronounced cooling called the Younger-Dryas period, which lasted about 1,200 years starting around 12,000 B.C. Homo sapiens was already established as a species and had been using tools since before the previous ice age. Their numbers and range had been increasing as the glaciers retreated." - James Howard Kunstler, The Long Emergency: Surviving the End of Oil, Climate Change, and Other Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-First Century (Get the book.) "The Greenland ice core record shows that the past 100,000 years have been a climatic roller coaster. It is clear that once climate change begins, it can occur very erratically, a kind of "speed wobble" that ends in a crash. The climax of the last ice age, for example, was 21,000 years ago, when glaciers extended as far south as what is now Connecticut. The transition from the last ice age into the present Holocene was intensely wobbly, including the Younger-Dryas episode." - James Howard Kunstler, The Long Emergency: Surviving the End of Oil, Climate Change, and Other Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-First Century (Get the book.)

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